## Calculate Density

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The Calculate Density tool creates a density map from point features by spreading known quantities of some phenomenon (represented as attributes of the points) across the map. The result is a layer of areas classified from least dense to most dense.

For point input, each point should represent the location of some event or incident, and the result layer represents a count of the incident per unit area. A higher density value in a new location means that there are more points near that location. In many cases, the result layer can be interpreted as a risk surface for future events. For example, if the input points represent locations of lightning strikes, the result layer can be interpreted as a risk surface for future lightning strikes.

Other use cases of this tool include the following:

- Creating crime-density maps to help police departments properly allocate resources to high crime areas.
- Calculating densities of hospitals within a county. The result layer will show areas with high and low accessibility to hospitals, and this information can be used to decide where new hospitals should be built.
- Identifying areas that are at high risk of forest fires based on historical locations of forest fires.
- Locating communities that are far from major highways in order to plan where new roads should be constructed.

## Choose a point layer from which to calculate density

The point layer on which the density will be calculated.

In addition to choosing a layer from your map, you can choose Browse Layers at the bottom of the drop-down list to browse to your contents for a big data file share dataset or feature layer.

## Choose one or more fields to calculate density on (optional)

Provide one or more fields specifying the number of incidents at each location. For example, if you have points that represent cities, you can use a field representing the population of the city as the count field, and the resulting population density layer will calculate larger population densities near cities with larger populations.

The density for the count of points will always be calculated. If no fields are selected, each location will be assumed to represent a single count.

## Choose a bin shape

The shape of bins that points are aggregated into and used for the density calculation.

Analysis using Square or Hexagon bins requires a projected coordinate system. You can set the Processing coordinate system in Analysis Environments. If your processing coordinate system is not set to a projected coordinate system, you will be prompted to set it when you Run Analysis.

## Select the bin size for aggregation

The size of the bins generated. For a square bin, the size represents the height of the square. For hexagon, the size represents the height of the hexagon (from parallel sides).

## Select the density weighting to apply

The type of weighting applied to the density calculation. There are two options:

- Uniform—This calculates a magnitude per area.
- Kernel—Applies a kernel function to fit a smooth tapered surface to each point.

## Select the neighborhood size

The size of the area used to calculate the density. The neighborhood size must be larger than the bin size.

## Choose the output units for density

The desired output units of the density values. By default, this is set to square kilometers or square miles based on the default units specified in your profile. If density values are very small, you can increase the size of the area units (for example, square meters to square kilometers) to return larger values. The values only scale the result.

## Calculate density using time steps (optional)

If time is enabled on the input point layer and it is of type instant, you can analyze using time stepping. There are three parameters you can set when you use time:

- Time step interval
- How often to repeat the time step
- Time to align the time steps to

Imagine you had data that represented a year in time and you wanted to analyze using weekly steps. To do that you would set Time step interval to `1 week`.

Imagine you had data that represented a year in time and you wanted to analyze using the first week of the month. To do that you would set Time step interval to `1 week`, How often to repeat the time step to `1 month`, and Time to align the time steps to to `January 1, at 12:00 am`.

## Time step interval

Interval of time used for generating time steps. Time step interval may be used alone or used with the How often to repeat the time step or Time to align the time steps to parameters.

If you wanted to create time slices that took place every Monday from 9:00 a.m. until 10:00 a.m., Time step interval would be `1 hour`, How often to repeat the time step would be `1 week`, and Time to align the time steps to would be `9:00:00 a.m. on a Monday`.

## How often to repeat the time step

The step used for calculating a time slice. How often to repeat the time step may be used alone or with Time step interval, with Reference Time, or with both Time step interval and Time to align the time steps to.

If you wanted to create time slices that took place every Monday from 9:00 a.m. until 10:00 a.m., Time step interval would be `1 hour`, How often to repeat the time step would be `1 week`, and Time to align the time steps to would be `9:00:00 a.m. on a Monday`.

## Time to align time steps to

The date and time used to align time slicing. Time stepping will start from and continue backward from this time. If no reference time is selected, time stepping will align to January 1st, 1970.

If you wanted to create time slices that took place every Monday from 9:00 a.m. until 10:00 a.m., Time step interval would be `1 hour`, How often to repeat the time step would be `1 week`, and Time to align the time steps to would be `9:00:00 a.m. on a Monday`.

## SpatialReference (wkid)

This is a temporary parameter for prerelease to set the processing spatial reference. Many big data tools require that a projected coordinate system is used as the spatial reference for processing. By default, the tool will use the input coordinate system but will fail if it's a geographic coordinate system. To set a projected coordinate system, enter the WKID. For example, Web Mercator would be entered as `3857`.

## Choose data store

GeoAnalytics results are stores to an ArcGIS Data Store and exposed as a feature layer in Portal for ArcGIS. In most cases, results should be stored to the spatiotemporal data store and this is the default. In some cases saving results to the relational data store is a good option. The following are reasons why you may want to store results in the relational data store:

- Use results in portal to portal collaboration.
- Enable sync capabilities with your results.

You should not use the relational data store if you expect your GeoAnalytics results to increase, and need to take advantage of the spatiotemporal big data store's capabilities to handle large amounts of data.

## Result layer name

This is the name of the layer that will be created in My Content and added to the map. The default name is based on the tool name and the input layer name. If the layer already exists, the tool will fail.

Using the Save result in drop-down box, you can specify the name of a folder in My Content where the result will be saved.